![]() Along with climate change, urbanization is another environmental concern of this century. ![]() Consequently, these factors could adversely impact human society (Andres et al., 2012, Huisingh et al., 2015, IPCC, 2014). There is an increasingly global concern about carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions from fossil-fuel combustion due to their growing magnitude, the resulting increase of CO 2 in the atmosphere, and the direct impact of increased atmospheric CO 2 on ecosystems. Finally, empirical models were developed to reconcile EDGAR and FFDAS with CHRED at both province and prefectural levels to facilitate future longitudinal studies of CO 2 emissions in China. Secondly, EDGAR and FFDAS are compared with CHRED at the prefectural level. Results revealed that CHRED-today's finest resolution and most bottom-up approach of CO 2 emission estimation in China-is the most consistent dataset with NBSC among the three (with both Pearson's R and Kendall's τ of 0.86). Therefore, this paper firstly compares the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), the Fossil Fuel Data Assimilation System (FFDAS), and the China High Resolution Emission Gridded Data (CHRED) against energy census data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC) at the province level. In order to understand China's carbon science research and reduction policies, it is crucial to benchmark CO 2 emission estimates from different sources at multiple administrative levels. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions from fossil-fuel combustion are a global concern, and since 2007, China has become the nation with the highest amount of CO 2 emissions.
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